- 7z - An open-source archive software with a high compression ratio.
- ab - A performance testing tool for Apache HTTP server.
- accept - Instructs the printing system to accept print jobs sent to a specific target printer.
- ack - A text search tool that is better than grep.
- ag - An upgraded version of ack, written in C. Faster and more user-friendly.
- alias - Define or display aliases.
- apachectl - A front-end control tool for the Apache HTTP server.
- apk - The package management tool for Alpine Linux.
- apropos - Search for strings in the whatis database
- apt-get - APT package management tool in Debian Linux distributions
- apt-key - Manage package keys in Debian Linux systems
- apt-sortpkgs - A tool for sorting package index files in Debian Linux
- aptitude - Package management tool in Debian Linux systems
- ar - Create, modify, and extract from archives
- arch - Display the hardware architecture type of the current host
- arj - Used to create and manage .arj archives
- arp - The arp command is used to display and modify the IP-to-MAC address translation table
- arpd - Collect gratuitous ARP information
- arping - Test the network by sending ARP protocol packets
- arptables - Manage ARP packet filtering rule tables
- arpwatch - Monitor ARP activity on the network
- as - Assembler for assembly language
- at - Execute a task at a specified time
- atop - Tool for monitoring Linux system resources and processes
- atq - List the current user's at task list
- atrm - Delete specified tasks from the pending task queue
- awk - A programming language for processing text and data
- axel - Multi-threaded download tool
- badblocks - Search for bad blocks on a disk device.
- base64 - Base64 encode/decode files or standard input/output.
- basename - Strip directory and suffix from filenames.
- batch - Execute commands when system load levels permit.
- bc - An arbitrary precision calculator language.
- beep - A command-line tool to control the PC speaker to emit beeps.
- bg - Move foreground jobs to the background.
- bind - Display or set keyboard key bindings and their related functions.
- blkid - Locate/print block device attributes (file system type, LABEL, UUID, etc.).
- blockdev - Call block device ioctls from the command line.
- break - Exit from for, while, or until loops.
- builtin - Execute shell built-in commands.
- bunzip2 - Decompress files in .bz2 format.
- bye - Terminate the FTP connection and exit the program.
- bzcat - Decompress files to standard output.
- bzcmp - Compare two compressed files in .bz2 format.
- bzdiff - Compare two compressed files in .bz2 format.
- bzgrep - Search for regular expressions in .bz2 compressed files.
- bzip2 - A block-sorting file compressor.
- bzip2recover - Recovers data from damaged .bz2 files.
- bzless - An enhanced file viewer for .bz2 compressed packages.
- bzmore - View the contents of bzip2-compressed text files.
- cal - Displays a calendar of the current month or a specified date.
- cancel - Cancel an existing print job.
- cat - Concatenate files and print on the standard output.
- cd - Change the shell working directory.
- cdrecord - Record audio or data Compact Discs from a command line.
- chage - Change user password expiry information.
- chattr - Change file attributes on a Linux file system.
- chcon - Change the SELinux security context of a file.
- chfn - Used to change the information displayed by the finger command
- chgrp - Used to change the group ownership of files or directories
- chkconfig - Check or set various system services
- chmod - Used to change the permissions of files or directories
- chown - Used to change the owner or group ownership of files or directories
- chpasswd - Tool for batch updating user passwords
- chroot - Run a command or interactive shell with a special root directory
- chsh - Used to change the login shell
- cksum - Check the CRC checksum of files
- clear - Clear the terminal screen
- clock - Used to adjust RTC (Real Time Clock) time
- clockdiff - Measure the time difference between two Linux hosts
- cmp - Compare two files for differences
- col - Filter control characters from input
- colrm - Remove specific columns from files
- column - Formats output into columns
- comm - Compare two sorted files line by line.
- command - Call and execute a specified command
- compress - Compress data files using Lempel-Ziv encoding
- consoletype - Output the connected terminal type
- continue - Ends the current iteration of a loop and continues with the next iteration of a `for`, `while`, or `until` loop.
- convertquota - Converts old quota files to the new format
- cp - Copy files and directories
- cpio - A tool for creating and restoring backup archives
- createrepo - Create a YUM repository
- crontab - Submit and manage periodic tasks for users
- csplit - Split a large file into smaller pieces based on context
- cu - Used to connect to another system host
- cupsdisable - Stop the specified printer
- cupsenable - Start the specified printer
- curl - A command-line tool for transferring data using URL syntax
- cut - Remove sections from each line of files
- date - Display or set system time and date
- dc - An arbitrary-precision calculator
- dd - Convert and copy a file
- declare - Declare variables and give them attributes.
- depmod - Analyze loadable module dependencies.
- df - Display information about disk space usage.
- dhclient - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) client.
- dhcpd - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server.
- dhcrelay - Relay DHCP and BOOTP requests.
- diff - Compare files line by line.
- diff3 - Compare three files line by line.
- diffstat - Make a histogram from diff output.
- dig - Domain Information Groper.
- dircolors - Set the colors for the `ls` command when displaying directories or files.
- dirname - Strip the non-directory suffix from a file name.
- dirs - Display the directory stack.
- disown - Remove jobs from the current shell.
- dmesg - Display or control the kernel ring buffer.
- dmidecode - DMI table decoder for Linux.
- dnf - Next-generation RPM package manager.
- dnsdomainname - Display the system's DNS domain name.
- docker - Containerization technology that packages an application and its dependencies into a portable container.
- domainname - Display or set the system's NIS/YP domain name.
- dos2unix - Convert text files from DOS format to Unix format.
- dpkg-deb - Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool.
- dpkg-divert - Override a package's version of a file in Debian.
- dpkg-preconfigure - Pre-configure Debian packages before they are installed.
- dpkg-query - A tool to query the dpkg database.
- dpkg-reconfigure - Reconfigure an already installed package in Debian.
- dpkg-split - Split Debian packages into smaller parts.
- dpkg-statoverride - Override ownership and mode of files in Debian.
- dpkg-trigger - A package trigger utility for Debian.
- dpkg - Install, build, and manage Debian packages.
- dris - Display and clear the directory stack.
- dstat - Versatile tool for generating system resource statistics.
- du - Display disk usage for each file and directory.
- dump - Used for backing up ext2 or ext3 file systems.
- e2fsck - Used to check the integrity of ext2, ext3, or ext4 file systems.
- e2label - Set the label of an ext2, ext3, or ext4 file system.
- echo - Display a line of text or variable values.
- ed - Line-oriented text editor.
- edquota - Edit user or group disk quotas.
- egrep - Search for specified strings within files using extended regular expressions.
- eject - Eject removable media.
- elinks - Text-mode WWW browser.
- elm - Text-based email client.
- emacs - Powerful full-screen text editor.
- enable - Enable or disable shell built-in commands.
- env - Display existing environment variables.
- ethtool - Display or modify Ethernet card configurations.
- ex - Start the vim editor in ex mode.
- exec - Invoke and execute a specified command.
- exit - Exit the current shell.
- expand - Convert tabs to spaces in a file.
- export - Set the export attribute for shell variables or functions.
- exportfs - Manage the list of NFS shared file systems.
- expr - An expression evaluation tool.
- false - Returns a failure status.
- fc - Display commands from the history list or modify and execute specified history commands.
- fdisk - View disk usage and manage disk partitions.
- fg - Move background jobs to the foreground for execution.
- fgrep - Search for fixed-character strings in files.
- figlet - Convert strings into "ASCII art" characters.
- file - Used to determine the type of a given file.
- find - Search for files in a directory hierarchy.
- findfs - Find a filesystem by label or UUID.
- finger - Find and display user information.
- firewall-cmd - Command-line client for firewalld, a dynamic firewall manager similar to iptables.
- fishshell - A smart and user-friendly shell, better than bash.
- fmt - Format text files for optimal output.
- fold - Wrap input lines to fit a specified width.
- fping - A tool to check if hosts are alive.
- free - Display amount of free and used memory in the system.
- fsck - Check and repair a Linux filesystem.
- ftp - Client for the File Transfer Protocol.
- ftpcount - Display the number of users currently logged in via FTP.
- ftpshut - Shut down the FTP server at a specified time.
- ftptop - Display the connection status of the ProFTPD server.
- ftpwho - Display information for each current FTP session.
- fuser - Identify processes using files or sockets.
- gcc - GNU Project C and C++ compiler.
- gcov - A tool for testing program code coverage.
- gdb - A powerful program debugger.
- get_module - Retrieve detailed information about Linux kernel modules.
- getcap - Display the capabilities of files.
- getenforce - Display the current SELinux enforcement mode (Enforcing, Permissive, or Disabled).
- getent - Retrieve entries from Name Service Switch libraries.
- getfacl - Get file access control lists (ACLs).
- getsebool - Query the boolean values of SELinux policies.
- git - The world's most advanced distributed version control system.
- gpasswd - A tool for managing group files in Linux.
- gpg - A tool for signing, checking, encrypting, or decrypting data.
- gpm - Provide mouse event handling in text mode.
- grep - A powerful text search tool.
- groupadd - Create a new group.
- groupdel - Delete a specific group.
- groupmems - Manage members of a user's primary group.
- groupmod - Modify a group definition on the system.
- groups - Print the names of the groups a specific user is in.
- grpck - Verify the integrity of group files.
- grpconv - Convert group passwords to shadow group passwords.
- grpunconv - Disable shadow group passwords.
- grub - The command-line shell tool for the GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader) multi-boot loader.
- grub2-mkconfig - Generate a `grub.cfg` configuration file.
- grub2-set-default - Set the default boot entry for GRUB2.
- gunzip - Decompress files.
- gzexe - Compress executable files.
- gzip - Compress files.
- halt - Shut down the running Linux operating system.
- hcitool - `hcitool` is a Linux command-line tool used for managing and debugging Bluetooth devices. It can be used to scan for nearby Bluetooth devices, connect to them, and send HCI (Host Controller Interface) commands and data packets.
- hdparm - Display and set hard drive parameters.
- head - Output the first part of files.
- help - Display help information for bash built-in commands.
- hexdump - Display file contents in hexadecimal format.
- history - Display or manipulate the history list.
- host - A utility for performing DNS lookups.
- hostid - Display the hexadecimal identifier for the current host.
- hostname - Show or set the system's host name.
- hostnamectl - Query or change the system hostname.
- hping3 - Network tool for security testing and packet generation.
- htdigest - A utility for creating and updating user authentication files for Apache.
- htop - An interactive process viewer that allows dynamic observation of system processes.
- htpasswd - Create and update password files for Apache basic authentication.
- hwclock - Display and set the hardware clock (RTC).
- iconv - Convert text from one character encoding to another.
- id - Print real and effective user and group IDs.
- ifcfg - Configure network interface parameters in Linux.
- ifconfig - Configure and display network interface parameters for Linux systems.
- ifdown - Disable a specified network interface.
- ifstat - Report network interface statistics.
- iftop - A real-time network bandwidth monitoring tool.
- ifup - Activate a specified network interface.
- indent - Format C language source files.
- info - Read documentation in Info format.
- init - The parent of all Linux processes.
- inotifywait - Wait for changes to files using inotify.
- insmod - Insert a module into the Linux kernel.
- install - Copy files and set attributes.
- iostat - Report CPU statistics and input/output statistics for devices and partitions.
- iotop - An interactive I/O monitor.
- ip - Display or manipulate routing, network devices, interfaces, and tunnels.
- ip6tables-restore - Restore ip6tables tables.
- ip6tables-save - Save ip6tables table configurations.
- ip6tables - IPv6 packet filter administration.
- ipcalc - A simple IP address calculator.
- ipcrm - Remove message queues, semaphore sets, or shared memory segments.
- ipcs - Report System V interprocess communication facilities status.
- iperf - Network performance measurement tool.
- iptables-restore - Restore iptables tables from a file.
- iptables-save - Save iptables table configurations.
- iptables - Administration tool for IPv4 packet filtering and NAT.
- iptraf - Real-time network statistics viewer.
- iptstate - Display iptables state information in a top-like interface.
- iscsiadm - iscsi administration tool.
- ispell - Interactive spelling corrector.
- jed - A powerful text editor for programmers.
- jobs - Display the status of jobs in the current session.
- joe - Joe's Own Editor - a powerful text editor.
- join - Join lines of two files on a common field.
- journalctl - Query the systemd journal.
- jq - A lightweight and flexible command-line JSON processor.
- jwhois - A client for the Whois service.
- kernelversion - Prints the major version number of the current kernel
- kexec - Directly boot into a new kernel from the currently running kernel
- kill - Send a signal to processes.
- killall - Kill a group of processes by their name
- last - List information about currently and previously logged-in users
- lastb - List information about users who failed to log into the system
- lastlog - Display the most recent login information for all users in the system
- ld - Link object files into an executable program
- ldconfig - Dynamic linker run-time bindings management command
- ldd - Print shared library dependencies of a program or library
- less - Browse file content with screen-by-screen navigation
- let - A simple calculator for performing arithmetic expressions.
- lftp - An excellent file client program
- lftpget - Download specified files by calling the lftp command
- lha - Compress or decompress LZH format files
- lilo - Install the LInux LOader (LILO) boot manager
- ln - Create links between files
- lnstat - Display the network status of the Linux system
- local - Define local variables within a function.
- locate - A tool for finding files by name, often faster than `find`
- logger - Enter messages into the system log
- login - Log into the system or switch user identity
- logname - Print the name of the user currently logged into the terminal.
- logout - Log out of the current shell
- logrotate - Rotate, compress, and remove system logs
- logsave - Save the output of a command to a specified log file
- logwatch - A customizable and pluggable log monitoring system
- look - Display lines in a file that begin with a specified string
- losetup - Set up and control loop devices
- lp - Print files or modify queued print jobs
- lpadmin - Configure CUPS printers and classes
- lpc - Command-line printer control program
- lpq - Show the status of print jobs in the print queue
- lpr - Submit files for printing
- lprm - Remove jobs from the print queue
- lpstat - Display status information about CUPS printers
- ls - List directory contents
- lsattr - List file attributes on a Linux second extended file system
- lsb_release - Display LSB (Linux Standard Base) information
- lsblk - List information about block devices
- lscpu - Display information about the CPU architecture
- lsmod - Show the status of modules in the Linux Kernel
- lsof - List open files
- lspci - List all PCI buses and devices
- lsusb - List USB devices
- ltrace - A library call tracer
- lvcreate - Create a logical volume in an existing volume group
- lvdisplay - Display attributes of a logical volume
- lvextend - Extend the size of a logical volume
- lvreduce - Reduce the size of a logical volume
- lvremove - Remove a logical volume
- lvresize - Resize a logical volume
- lvscan - Scan for logical volumes
- lynx - A text-mode web browser
- mail - Send and receive emails from the command line
- mailq - Display the mail queue
- mailstat - Display statistics of incoming mail
- make - GNU project management and compilation tool
- man - Display reference manuals for Linux commands
- mapfile - Read lines from standard input into an array variable
- md5sum - Compute and check MD5 message digests
- mesg - Control write access to your terminal
- mii-tool - Configure and view media-independent interface (MII) status
- mkbootdisk - Create a standalone boot disk for the current system
- mkcert - A simple zero-config tool to make locally-trusted development certificates
- mkdir - Create directories
- mke2fs - Create an ext2, ext3, or ext4 filesystem
- mkfs - Build a Linux filesystem
- mkinitrd - Create an initial ramdisk image for preloading modules
- mkisofs - Create an ISO 9660 image file
- mknod - Create character or block special device files
- mkswap - Set up a Linux swap area
- mktemp - Create a temporary file or directory
- modetest - Mode setting test tool for DRM/KMS drivers
- modinfo - Show information about a Linux kernel module
- modprobe - Add and remove modules from the Linux kernel
- more - Display file content, one screen at a time
- mount - Used to mount filesystems
- mpstat - Display statistics for each available CPU
- mtools - Display utilities supported by mtools
- mtr - Network diagnostic tool that combines the functionality of `traceroute` and `ping`
- mv - Used to rename or move files or directories
- mysql - MySQL server client tool
- mysqladmin - MySQL server administration client
- mysqldump - MySQL database backup utility
- mysqlimport - Command-line tool for importing data into a MySQL server
- mysqlshow - Display information about MySQL databases, tables, and columns
- named-checkzone - Verify and convert zone files
- nano - Character-based terminal text editor
- nc - Netcat: The Swiss Army knife of networking tools
- ncdu - Interactive disk usage analyzer, regarded as an enhanced version of du
- ncftp - An enhanced FTP client
- neofetch - A tool to display system information with a distribution logo
- nethogs - Terminal-based network traffic monitoring tool
- netstat - Display network system status in Linux
- newusers - Batch create or update user accounts
- nfsstat - Display NFS (Network File System) statistics
- ngrep - Network packet matching and display tool
- nice - Run a program with a modified scheduling priority
- nisdomainname - Display or set the NIS domain name of the host
- nl - Number lines of files
- nm - List symbols from object files
- nmap - Network exploration and security auditing tool
- nmcli - Command-line tool for controlling NetworkManager
- nohup - Run a command immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty
- nologin - Politely refuse a user from logging into the system
- nproc - Print the number of processing units available
- nslookup - Query Internet name servers interactively
- nstat - nstat is a simple tool for monitoring kernel SNMP counters and network interface statistics.
- ntpdate - Set the date and time using the Network Time Protocol (NTP).
- ntsysv - Centrally manage various system services.
- objdump - Display information from binary files.
- od - Output files in octal, hexadecimal, and other formats.
- openssl - A powerful Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) cryptography library.
- pacman - The default package manager for Arch Linux and its derivatives.
- parted - A tool for disk partitioning and partition resizing.
- partprobe - Inform the OS kernel of partition table changes without rebooting.
- passwd - Change user password.
- paste - Merges lines of files.
- patch - Applies a patch file to original files.
- pathchk - Checks whether file names are valid or portable.
- perl - The Perl language interpreter.
- pfctl - The configuration command for the PF firewall.
- pgrep - Finds or signals processes based on name and other attributes.
- php - Command-line interface for the PHP language.
- pico - A simple, display-oriented text editor.
- pidof - Finds the process ID (PID) of a running program by name.
- pidstat - Monitors system resource usage for individual processes.
- pigz - Parallel implementation of gzip for faster compression and decompression.
- ping - Tests network connectivity between hosts (IPv4).
- ping6 - Tests network connectivity between hosts (IPv6).
- pip - The package manager for the Python programming language, used to install and manage third-party modules.
- pkexec - Executes a command as another user.
- pkill - Signals processes based on name and other attributes.
- pmap - Report memory maps of a process
- popd - Remove directories from the directory stack.
- poweroff - Power off the Linux system. The shutdown record is written to the /var/log/wtmp log file.
- ppp-off - Close the PPP connection
- pr - Convert text files for printing
- printf - Format and print data.
- protoize - Convert GNU-C code to ANSI-C code
- prtstat - Display process information
- ps - Report the current system's process status.
- pssh - Parallel SSH for batch management
- pstack - Display a stack trace for each process.
- pstree - Display the derivation relationship between processes in a tree diagram.
- pushd - Add a directory to the top of the directory stack.
- pv - Monitor the progress of data through a pipe; Pipe Viewer.
- pvchange - Change physical volume attributes
- pvck - Check LVM metadata consistency on a physical volume.
- pvcreate - Initialize physical hard disk partitions as physical volumes.
- pvdisplay - Display physical volume attributes.
- pvremove - Remove an existing physical volume.
- pvs - Output a report of physical volume information.
- pvscan - Scan all disks in the system for a list of physical volumes.
- pwck - Verify the integrity of system authentication file content and format.
- pwconv - Enable shadow passwords for users.
- pwd - Display the absolute path of the current working directory.
- pwdx - Display the current working directory of specified processes.
- pwunconv - Disable shadow passwords for users.
- quota - Display disk usage and limits.
- quotacheck - Check disk usage and limits.
- quotaoff - Disable the disk quota function for the specified file systems in the Linux kernel.
- quotaon - Activate the disk quota function for the specified file systems in the Linux kernel.
- rcconf - A run-level service configuration tool for Debian Linux.
- rcp - Make file copying between two Linux hosts simpler.
- read - Read variable values from standard input (keyboard).
- readelf - Used to display information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format) files.
- readonly - Mark shell variables or functions as read-only.
- realpath - Resolve and canonicalize file paths, returning the absolute path.
- reboot - Restart the running Linux operating system.
- reject - Instructs the printing system to reject print jobs sent to the specified destination printer.
- rename - Batch changes filenames using string replacement.
- renice - Modifies the scheduling priority of running processes.
- reposync - Synchronizes yum repositories to a local directory.
- repquota - Outputs the status of disk space limits in a report format.
- resize - Sets the terminal window size.
- restore - The reverse operation of the `dump` command.
- restorecon - Restore file security context.
- return - Exit from a function and return a value.
- rev - Output the file content in reverse character order.
- rexec - Execute commands on a remote Linux system.
- rlogin - Log in to a remote Linux host from the current terminal.
- rm - Used to delete given files and directories.
- rmdir - Used to delete empty directories.
- rmmod - Remove specified kernel modules from the running kernel.
- route - Display and set static routing tables in Linux.
- rpm - RPM package management tool.
- rpm2cpio - Convert RPM packages to cpio format files.
- rpmbuild - Create RPM binary packages and source packages.
- rpmdb - Initialize and rebuild the RPM database.
- rpmquery - Query package information from the RPM database.
- rpmsign - Signature management tool for RPM packages.
- rpmverify - Verify the integrity of installed RPM packages.
- rsh - Connect to a remote host and execute commands.
- rsync - Remote data synchronization tool.
- runlevel - Print the current runlevel of the Linux system.
- sar - System activity reporting tool.
- scp - Copy files between local and remote hosts securely.
- screen - Used for switching between command-line terminals.
- script - Record all operations of a terminal session.
- scriptreplay - Replay all operations of a terminal session.
- sed - A powerful stream-oriented text editor.
- seinfo - Query how many rules are provided by the SELinux policy.
- semanage - Query and modify the security context of default directories.
- sendmail - Famous email server.
- seq - Print numbers from a starting number to an ending number with a specified increment.
- service - Utility for controlling system services.
- sesearch - Query detailed rules in SELinux policy.
- set - Display or set shell attributes and variables.
- setfacl - Set file Access Control Lists (ACLs).
- setpci - A utility for querying and configuring PCI devices.
- setsebool - Modify the boolean values of rules within the SELinux policy.
- setsid - Run a program in a new session.
- sftp-server - Server-side program for the SFTP protocol.
- sftp - An interactive file transfer program.
- sh - Shell command interpreter.
- sha256sum - Used to calculate the SHA-256 hash value of files.
- shift - Shift positional parameters.
- shopt - Display and set shell execution options.
- showmount - Display information about the NFS server's mount points.
- shuf - Generate random permutations.
- shutdown - Command to shut down the system.
- skill - Send a signal to selected processes to freeze or manipulate them.
- slabtop - Display kernel slab cache information in real-time.
- sleep - Delay for a specified amount of time.
- slocate - Command to find files or directories using a database.
- smartmontools - Smartmontools is a hard drive testing tool that controls and manages the SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology) system on hard drives.
- smbclient - Interactive access to Samba servers.
- smbpasswd - Samba user and password management tool.
- sort - Sort lines of text files.
- sosreport - Collect system configuration and diagnostic information.
- source - Read and execute commands from a specified file in the current shell environment.
- speedtest-cli - Test internet speed from the command line.
- spell - Spell check a file.
- split - Split a file into pieces.
- squid - Squid proxy cache server daemon.
- squidclient - Client management tool for Squid servers.
- ss - Socket statistics tool, part of the iproute2 package. It allows you to query detailed socket statistics and is a more modern and faster alternative to `netstat`.
- ssh-add - Adds private key identities to the authentication agent (ssh-agent)
- ssh-agent - OpenSSH authentication agent
- ssh-copy-id - Install your public key in a remote machine's authorized_keys
- ssh-keygen - Authentication key generation, management, and conversion for SSH
- ssh-keyscan - Gather SSH public keys from a number of hosts
- ssh - OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program)
- sshd - OpenSSH SSH daemon
- sshpass - Non-interactive SSH password provider
- startx - Used to start X Window
- stat - Displays file or file system status
- strace - Trace system calls and signals
- strings - Find printable strings in object files or binary files
- stty - Modify terminal command line settings
- su - Used to switch the current user identity to another user identity
- sudo - Execute a command as another user
- sum - Calculate file checksums and block counts
- supervisord - A process control system for managing background services and persistent processes
- suspend - Suspend execution of the shell
- swapoff - Disable devices and files for paging and swapping
- swapon - Enable devices and files for paging and swapping
- sync - Flush file system buffers
- sysctl - Configure kernel parameters at runtime
- syslog - The default system log daemon
- systemctl - Control the systemd system and service manager
- systool - View system device information by bus, class, and topology
- tac - Concatenate and print files in reverse line by line
- tail - Output the last part of files
- tailf - Output the last part of a file and follow growth, typically used for log tracking
- talk - Talk to another user
- tar - Save many files together into a single archive, and restore individual files from the archive.
- tcpdump - A powerful command-line packet sniffer and network analyzer
- tcpreplay - Replay network traffic captured in pcap files for performance or functional testing
- tee - Read from standard input and write to standard output and files
- telinit - Change the system runlevel
- telnet - Login to remote hosts and manage (test IP port connectivity)
- tempfile - Naming temporary files in the shell
- test - Evaluate conditional expressions.
- tftp - Transfer files between the local machine and a TFTP server using the TFTP protocol
- time - Calculate the total time spent by a given command
- timedatectl - Used to set or query system time, date, and timezone configurations in Linux.
- times - Display process accumulated time.
- tload - Display system load average
- tmux - Tmux is an excellent terminal multiplexer, similar to GNU Screen but originating from OpenBSD and licensed under BSD.
- top - Display or manage running processes
- touch - Create new empty files
- tput - Initialize and manipulate terminal sessions via the terminfo database
- tr - Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
- tracepath - Trace the path to a destination host and discover MTU information
- traceroute - Display the path that data packets take to reach a host
- trap - Trap signals and other events and execute commands.
- tree - List directory contents in a tree-like format
- true - Return a successful exit status.
- tty - Print the filename of the terminal connected to standard input
- type - Display information about command type.
- ufw - Ubuntu firewall management tool
- ulimit - Control shell resources
- umask - Display or set the file mode creation mask.
- umount - Unmount a filesystem
- unalias - Remove aliases set by the alias command
- uname - Print system information.
- unarj - Decompress archives created by the arj command.
- uncompress - Used to decompress .Z files.
- unexpand - Convert spaces in files to tabs.
- uniq - Report or omit repeated lines.
- unlink - Call the system function unlink to delete specified files.
- unprotoize - Remove function prototypes from C source code files.
- unrar - Decompress RAR files; extract files from RAR archives.
- unset - Remove specified shell variables or functions.
- unzip - Used to decompress archives compressed by the zip command.
- updatedb - Create or update the database files required by the slocate command.
- uptime - View Linux system load information.
- useradd - Create a new system user.
- userdel - Used to delete a given user and files related to the user.
- usermod - Used to modify basic user information.
- usernetctl - Manipulate a specified network interface when permitted.
- users - Print the user names of users currently logged in to the current host.
- uucico - UUCP file transfer service program.
- uupick - Handle incoming files transmitted via UUCP.
- uuto - Send files to a remote UUCP host.
- vdfuse - A tool for mounting VirtualBox VDI partition files.
- vgchange - Change volume group attributes.
- vgconvert - Convert volume group metadata format.
- vgcreate - Used to create LVM volume groups.
- vgdisplay - Display information about LVM volume groups.
- vgextend - Add physical volumes to a volume group.
- vgreduce - Remove physical volumes from a volume group.
- vgremove - Used to delete LVM volume groups.
- vgrename - Rename a volume group.
- vgscan - Scan and display volume groups in the system.
- vi - A powerful text editor.
- vmstat - Display virtual memory statistics.
- volname - Display the volume name of a specified ISO-9660 format device.
- w - Display information about the users currently logged into the system.
- wait - Wait for a process to complete before returning.
- wall - Write a message to all users' terminals
- watch - Execute a program periodically, showing output fullscreen
- wc - Print newline, word, and byte counts for each file
- wget - The non-interactive network downloader
- whatis - Display one-line manual page descriptions
- whereis - Locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command
- which - Locate a command and display its absolute path
- who - Display who is logged in
- whoami - Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID
- write - Send a message to another user
- xargs - Build and execute command lines from standard input
- xauth - Display and edit the authorization information used in connecting to the X server
- xclip - Command line interface to the X11 clipboard
- xhost - Control which X clients can connect to the X server
- xinit - The initialization program for the X-Window system under Linux.
- xlsatoms - List all defined atom names on the X server.
- xlsclients - List client applications running on a display.
- xlsfonts - List fonts used by the X Server.
- xrandr - An X Window System configuration management tool.
- xset - User preference utility for X Window.
- xz - High compression ratio utility for POSIX platforms.
- yes - Repeatedly output a specified string.
- ypdomainname - Display the host's NIS domain name.
- yum - RPM-based package manager
- zcat - Display the contents of files inside a compressed archive
- zforce - Force a .gz extension on all gzip files
- zip - Package and compress (archive) files
- zipinfo - List detailed information about a zip archive
- zipsplit - Split a large zip archive into smaller ones
- znew - Convert .Z archives to .gz archives